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2016 Vol. 37, No. 3 Published: 2016-05-22

	225	Development of Atomic Force Microscopy Measuring Head Based on Quartz Tuning Fork Probe
		LIU Lei-hua,GUO Tong,LI Wei,WANG He-qun,GAO Si-tian
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.01
		A self-sensing atomic force microscope (AFM) measuring head is developed based on a commercial quartz turning fork probe. The measuring head is easy to integrate and it can detect the amplitude variations of the cantilever through the electrical signal instead of using optical detection components. A weak signal detection and parasitic capacitance compensation circuit is designed for the measuring head. The amplitude signal of the measuring head is obtained using a commercial lock-in amplifier. And on this base the force-distance curve and resolution of the measuring head in amplitude modulation mode is tested. Using the PID module in lock-in amplifier, the topography of the sample is measured in amplitude modulation mode. The results indicated that the sensitivity of the measuring head is 0.624 mV/nm, and the resolution of the measuring head can reach less than 2 nm.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 225-229 [Abstract] ( 783 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (7450 KB) ( 349 )

	230	Optimal Design for the Structural Parameter of a Touch Trigger Probe
		XIANG Meng,LI Rui-jun,LI Xin-yuan,FAN Kuang-chao
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.02
		A high sensitivity touch trigger probe for Micro/Nano CMM has been designed. The principle and the structure of the probe were introduced,and the sensitivity and stiffness models were established. The optimal parameters conforming to the uniform sensitivity and uniform stiffness in 3D were obtained. The stiffness of the probe was verified by simulation. The stiffness, resolution and the stability of the probe were tested. The experimental results show that the probe has uniform stiffness (less than 1 mN/μm) in 3D and the resolution of the probe is higher than 50 nm . The drift of the probe is about 20 nm in 1.3 hours when the fluctuation of the environmental temperature is less than ±0.025 ℃.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 230-234 [Abstract] ( 683 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1866 KB) ( 543 )

	235	Path Planning Method Based on HCGA in Coordinate Measuring Machine
		WU Feng-he,SUN Ying-bing,WANG Xin
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.03
		Aiming at the problem of slow convergence speed and premature convergence in using the genetic algorithm to conduct the measuring path optimization in Coordinate Measuring Machine, the path optimization algorithm in Coordinate Measuring Machine based on Hill-climbing Genetic Algorithm was proposed. According to characteristics of the path optimization in Coordinate Measuring Machine, the mathematic model of the measuring path optimization was built and the parameters of coding, initial group, selection, cross for measuring path optimization problems were constructed. In addition, the climbing was added to increase convergence speed of the genetic algorithm for the global optimal solution. Besides, the simulation was programmed to verify the effectiveness of the Hill-climbing Genetic Algorithm and the application examples were used. Results show that when using the Hill-climbing Genetic Algorithm to conduct the path optimization algorithm in Coordinate Measuring Machine, the local optimization ability of genetic algorithm and the convergence speed were improved and the very good optimal solution was obtained. Therefore, the measuring efficiency was improved.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 235-240 [Abstract] ( 636 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (3691 KB) ( 447 )

	241	Occlusion Boundary Detection by Combining Appearance, Motion and Edge Structure Cues in Video
		ZHANG Shi-hui,ZHANG Hong-qiao,HAN De-wei
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.04
		To detect the occlusion boundary in video sequences accurately, an occlusion boundary detection approach based on random forests classifier is proposed. Firstly, the edges of current frame in a video are segmented to obtain superpixels and superpixel edges, and then the superpixels edges are decomposed into short line fragments. Secondly, the occlusion related features of each line fragment are extracted by combining appearance, motion and edge structure cues and the extracted features are assembled to feature vector. After that, the feature vector of each line fragment is inputted to the occlusion boundary classifier to detect whether each line fragment is an occlusion boundary or not. Finally, the occlusion boundary of the current frame in a video is obtained by visualizing all the line fragments which belong to occlusion boundary. The experimental results show that the proposed approach has higher accuracy.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 241-245 [Abstract] ( 833 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1115 KB) ( 412 )

	246	Method and Apparatus for Calibrating Contact-type Luminance Meter
		LU Li-gen1,ZHANG Bao-zhou1,CHEN Chi 2,LIU Jian 2,ZENG Shan-shan 1,HAN Qiang-sheng1
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.05
		The structure, measuring principle and applying properties of a contact-type luminance meter are described. And a light source which can provide a uniform diffuse surface is presented and applied to calibrate three contact-type luminance meters. In comparison with the luminance standard in National Institute of Metrology for verifying contact-type luminance meters, this calibrating method shows good traceability and accurate certified value. Finally, the practicality of applying several commonly diffuse surfaces to calibrate contact-type luminance meters is discussed briefly.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 246-250 [Abstract] ( 622 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (350 KB) ( 403 )

	251	Calibration and Testing Method of the Star Sensor Based on Real Space
		JIANG Wen-ying,CHEN Yuan-zhi,YU Xiao-lei,ZHAO Zhi-min,SHEN Ling-bin
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.06
		The mainly calibration methods of the star sensor, which is based on the real space experiment outfield, as well as the composition and structure of the test platform, were introduced. The dynamic and static three-axis attitude accuracy and the update rate of output data were acquired by processing and analyzing the related experiment data obtained from the dual-CCD star sensor. The results showed that the calibration method on real space can examine the performance specifications on accuracy, update rate, sensitive magnitude and capture time of the star sensor, and have high credibility.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 251-254 [Abstract] ( 833 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (387 KB) ( 433 )

	255	Image Texture Feature Extraction Research Based on Graph Theory Glowworm Search
		XIONG Juan,WEN Hua
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.07
		In order to improve the precision of image texture feature extraction,Graph Theory Glowworm Search algorithm(GTGS) was proposed.Firstly, glowworm was distributed based on hierarchical architecture of graph theory;Secondly, glowworm was updated with differential operation,and moved by roulette wheel method,Euclidean distance was computed each attractiveness of glowworm;Thirdly, dynamic moving length was determined with success and failure of glowworm; Finally, image texture feature extraction model was established and algorithm was given. Simulation shows that GTGS algorithm precision is better, time is less.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 255-259 [Abstract] ( 752 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (644 KB) ( 392 )

	260	A Rapid and Nondestructive Detection on the Thermal Diffusivity of Thin Materials Based on Thermography
		WANG Xiao-na,LI Yang,HOU De-xin,YE Shu-liang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.08
		A novel measuring method which adapts to the thermal diffusivity of thin materials is proposed. It can solve the defects of traditional measurement method that has strict demands of the thermal excitation, boundary and the size of the materials. The method collects the changing temperature field data which caused by the laser heating on material surface by using the imaging technology, and estimates the differential terms from partial differential equation of heat conduction by curve fitting. The differential equation can be transformed into algebraic equation to determine the thermal diffusivity. The measuring experiment needs not to control the boundary condition, initial condition and thermal excitation strictly. The results of the simulation analysis verified the feasibility of the theoretical model. For measuring of the thermal diffusivity of H62 brass and 304 stainless steel and the deviation is less than 6.0% in comparison to the literature values and the measurement repeatability is 4.3%, so the method can satisfy the requirement of the rapid and nondestructive measurement.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 260-264 [Abstract] ( 747 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (942 KB) ( 833 )

	265	Calibration and Evaluation on High Precision Thermometry Bridge
		FANG Xin-yun,SUN Jian-ping,ZENG Fan-chao,WANG Wei,ZHANG Jun-feng
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.09
		The RTU and RBC were used to calibrate and evaluate the F900 high precision thermometry bridge in the middle temperature primary standard laboratory of the National Institute of Metrology, and the effect of different frequency and output current on its measurement accuracy was analyzed in the temperature range of long-stem standard platinum resistance thermometer. The results show that the accuracy is obvious difference when the bridge works in different frequency. When the frequency is 25Hz, the maximum measurement deviations in the calibration of RTU and RBC are about 0.01mK and 0.06 mK. When the frequency is 75 Hz, the maximum measurement deviations of the calibration are about 0.08mK and 0.2mK, and it has made significant drift compared to that of the factory. Differences in accuracy is very small when the bridge works at different output current, less than 15μK. The results using RTU and RBC to calibrate F900 can confirm each other, and provide data to the uncertainty evaluation in reproduction process of the fixed-point temperature reference.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 265-270 [Abstract] ( 921 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1263 KB) ( 879 )

	271	A Modified Landweber Algorithm for Electrical Resistance Tomography
		ZHANG Li-Feng, WANG Hua-xiang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.10
		Landweber iterative algorithm with updated sensitivity matrix is studied to improve the quality of reconstructed images. The initial image for sensitivity matrix update was obtained by Landweber iterative algorithm, and the results of different sensitivity matrix update intervals are compared. The times of sensitivity matrix updating are also analyzed. Experimental and simulation results showed that reconstructed images with higher accuracy can be obtained.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 271-274 [Abstract] ( 952 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (751 KB) ( 730 )

	275	Polynomial soft sensor model of the overflow particle size of cyclone based on AdaBoost
		LI Xiao-zhu,XIE-hua
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.11
		For the sake of the concentration of production cost and maintenance cost, polynomial soft sensor model of the overflow particle size of cyclone based on AdaBoost is applied to solve it. Minimum mean square error is objective function to establish a polynomial model and strengthens the training sample of the poor performance to improve the generalization and the precision of the model. In the end many models are integrate as the final model according to the different weights. The simulation results of field data and the model online application effect show that the model can more accurately predict the cyclone overflow particle size, and ensure the qualification rate of the cyclone overflow particle size, and improve the separation efficiency, so the final model has a certain practicality.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 275-278 [Abstract] ( 561 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (353 KB) ( 559 )

	279	Geometry Error Identification on Calibration Device of Cryogenic Liquid Level Sensor
		WANG Mei-bao,LI Dong-sheng,HU Jia-cheng,YANG Yang,ZHU Yue,ZHANG Cheng-lin
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.12
		In order to solve the problems of fixture spatial attitude on calibration device of cryogenic liquid level sensor, an error identification based on the principle of multilateral method is proposed. Based on the high-precision distance measurement of laser tracker, using the principle of multilateral method to calibrate the track of the calibration device, a virtual coordinate system is created which uses the gravity opposite direction as Z-axis direction, and because two positions always being the same in rigid body, the redundant data of six errors are obtained, so the error identification of calibration device is finished. Simulation results show that the method is feasibility, combinating genetic algorithm and trust region method with Guass-Newton can effectively avoid non-convergence problem which were caused by unknown initial data.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 279-283 [Abstract] ( 664 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1601 KB) ( 583 )

	284	Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Local Characterist-scale Decomposition and Morphological Fractal Dimension
		MENG Zong,LI Liang-liang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.13
		A rolling bearing fault diagnosis method based on the morphological fractal dimension and Local Characterist-scale Decomposition is proposed. Firstly, Local Characterist-scale Decomposition is used to decompose the mechanical fault signals into a set of Intrinsic scale components, and then the morphological fractal dimension of Intrinsic scale components which contain the Intrinsic scale component characteristics is calculated. This is obtained as a characteristic parameter to judge the signal fault types. The experimental results that the proposed method based on the morphological fractal dimension and Local Characterist-scale Decomposition can realize different signal states (inner fault, outer race fault, rolling element fault and normal) about the bearing fault and the rolling fault diagnosis effectively.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 284-288 [Abstract] ( 472 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (461 KB) ( 506 )

	289	Research for the Validating of NIMs Precise Ground Reflection Range
		MENG Dong-lin,HONG Li,LIU Xiao,HUANG Pan,XIE Ming
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.14
		The Improvement methods are proposed to calculate and verify the very precise site insertion loss (error less than 0.22 dB) between a pair of dipole antennas at the 24 resonant frequencies from 30 MHz to 1 GHz, to adequately validate NIM′s newly established ground reflection range of high performance. Careful comparison is made between the MoM model of calculable dipole antennas and practical measurement setup, which provides profound insight into the errors of calculable dipole antennas and measurement, and is used to improve the accuracy of the broadband calculable dipole antennas. The accuracy of the calculable dipole antennas is verified, based on the "effect of error mitigating" of near-field method. Finally, the performance of NIM′s newly established precise ground reflection range are validated per CISPR 16-1-5 with the optimized calculable dipole antennas, and the deviation between measurement and simulation is less than 0.26 dB for horizontal polarization, and 0.34 dB for vertical polarization at 10 m range.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 289-293 [Abstract] ( 669 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1732 KB) ( 464 )

	294	Mathematical Morphology and Generalized S Transform-based Fault Line Selection Method to Small Current Grounding
		CHEN Yi-qiang,WANG Yu-tian,TANG Bai-wen,ZHANG Shu-qing
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.15
		A method of current single-phase fault line selection based on mathematical morphology and generalized S-transform is proposed. Mathematical morphology is a novel nonlinear filtering technique. Considering the signal characteristics of the power system, a linear structural element is selected. Not only can eliminate the burr shape noise, but also maintain the shape of the signal well. Generalized S-transform overcomes the shortcomings of the basic wavelet bases fixed in the S transform, and has a better frequency resolution. The signal was filtered by the mathematical morphological first. Then the generalized S-transform is used to analyze fault signals to get the modulus frequency matrix. Finally the energy characteristics modulus frequency matrix is analyzed to select the fault line. Simulation results show that the method could select fault line accurately under different working conditions of distribution network.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 294-299 [Abstract] ( 478 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (979 KB) ( 467 )

	300	Fault Selection for Small Current Grounding System based on EEMD and the Correlation Dimension Algorithm
		ZHANG Shu-qing,ZHAO Peng-cheng,CHEN Ying,LIU Zi-yue,ZHANG Li-guo,YAN Bing
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.16
		A new fault line selection method for small current grounding system based on ensemble empirical mode of decomposition (EEMD) and correlation dimension is proposed. EEMD is ideal for the fault signal processing of small current grounding system, which could not only achieve the same effect with the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), but also suppress aliasing mode effectively when processing nonlinear and non-stationary signal. The correlation dimension could reflect the feature quantity of the system state, analyze the fault condition quantitatively, and improve the capabilities of fault diagnosis. Phase space reconstruction is necessary before calculating the correlation dimension, and the maximum joint entropy algorithm is introduced to get the optimal delay time, which simplifies the algorithm, and shortens the calculation time of the correlation dimension compared with the mutual information requirements delay time. Finally, G-P algorithm is adopted to calculate the correlation dimension, realizing fault line selection by comparing the numerical of correlation dimension. The experiment results show that the proposed method could select fault line rapidly and accurately, providing an effective method for the small current grounding fault line selection.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 300-305 [Abstract] ( 552 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1494 KB) ( 803 )

	306	A precision data processing method of magnetic saturation measurements on cemented carbides
		WU Xing-yuan,SU Juan,WANG Teng-fang
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.17
		A high precision of data processing method of magnetic saturation measurements on cemented carbides was designed and verified, including digital filtering, digital integration, data fitting, zero setting and system compensation, etc. The finite impulse response digital filter is used for filtering which is based on window function. The digital integration algorithm is based on Newton-Cotes integration, data fitting is based on the improved least square method, and system calibration used zero setting for the first time and compensate for negative value. Compared to the traditional data processing method of magnetic saturation measurements on cemented carbides, this method has some advantages, such as results with high precision and good repeatability.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 306-309 [Abstract] ( 435 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (356 KB) ( 406 )

	310	Study on Variable Scale Weak Signal Detection Method Based on Two Coupled Chaotic Oscillator
		SHI Pei-ming,SUN Yan-long,HAN Dong-ying
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.18
		With two coupled Duffing oscillator as the research object, a new method of weak signal detection is proposed based on two coupled Duffing oscillator and variable scale. The detect principle of weak periodic signal based on two coupled Duffing oscillator is analyzed. With the variable scale method,the defect of the Duffing oscillator to detect weak periodic signal by frequency limit is overcomed . Through the comparison of two coupled Duffing oscillator system with single Duffing oscillator system, the advantages of the two coupled Duffing oscillator system are shown. The method used to detect multi-frequency weak signal has obvious advantages.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 310-313 [Abstract] ( 619 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1104 KB) ( 519 )

	314	Study and application of 11/2 spectrum and its cepstrum in fault diagnosis
		WU Wen-bing,CHEN Zhang-bin,YE Fu-lan
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.19
		In order to improve the correct rate of fault diagnosis, through combining cepstrum and 112 dimension spectrum, 112 dimension cepstrum was defined. Theoretically, 112 dimension spectrum, can suppress the Gauss noise completely, cepstrum can reduce false peaks in spectra, but the noise has a significant influence on the cepstrum analysis results. 112 cepstrum, can combine with the advantages of 112 dimension spectrum and cepstrum. Through the application of 112 dimension spectrum, cepstrum and 112 cepstrum in the overflow valve fault diagnosis, the results show that the 112cepstrum can obtain a better effection.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 314-317 [Abstract] ( 597 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1316 KB) ( 439 )

	318	A Novel Method for Satellite Clock Bias Prediction Based on Phase Space Reconstruction and Gaussian Process
		LEI Yu1,2,3,CAI Hong-bing 1,2,ZHAO Dan-ning 1,3
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.20
		A novel method for satellite clock bias prediction incorporating phase space reconstruction and Gaussian process (GP) is proposed in this paper. Firstly a polynomial model is employed to fit the clock bias time series in terms of its characteristics, and then the noise of the polynomial fitting residual is reduced by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) algorithm. Secondly, phase space reconstruction is performed for the de-noised residual series according to its chaotic characteristics. Finally, Gaussian process is established so as to forecast the residual on the basis of reconstructed phase space, and then the predicted clock bias can be yielded by adding the trend term to the forecasted residual. The IGS ultra-rapid observed (IGU-O) product is used to set up a clock model, and short-term prediction experiments are carried out. The results have indicated that the proposed method outperforms the IGS ultra-rapid predicted (IGU-P) solutions at least on a daily basis.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 318-322 [Abstract] ( 672 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (9993 KB) ( 382 )

	323	Construction on Graphite Cavity Ionization Chamber as Air Kerma Primary Standard for ¹³⁷Cs γ Rays
		LI De-hong,WANG Pei-wei,WU Meng-meng,CHENG Jian-bo,GUO Bin
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.21
		A cylindrical graphite cavity ionization chamber is designed and constructed according to Bragg-Gray theory, which is used for the establishment for primary standard for cesium-137 γ Rays. Ground protection structural of the ionization chamber wall and the collector is optimized through theoretical calculations of the electric field distribution of sensitive volume of the ionization chamber. And the results of a series of tests including the saturation curve, the background current and the stability show that the design fully meet the requirements. The air kerma of the cesium-137 sources is directly realized using the graphite cavity ionization chamber whose correction factors are got though theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. At last, the combined standard uncertainty of air kerma measurement is 0.25％.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 323-327 [Abstract] ( 636 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1234 KB) ( 715 )

	328	Determination of the Mass Fraction of Pure Human Serum Albumin by HPLC-IDMS
		LI Jia-le,WU Li-qing,JIN You-xun,WANG Jing,YANG Bin,YANG Yi
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.22
		A mass balance method and a high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry （HPLC-IDMS） method are established to determine the mass fraction of pure human serum albumin (HSA). With the mass balance method, the pure HSA is quantified by HPLC and its moisture and ash are quantified by Karl Fischer and ignition residue analysis, which give an average mass fraction of 0.861 g/g. By the HPLC-IDMS method, after the pure HSA is hydrolyzed by acid, the resulted Pro, Val and Phe are quantified. Consequently, the mass fraction of HSA is calculated by the average. Under the optimized conditions, the mass fraction of HSA is 0.853 g/g with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.8% and an expanded uncertainty of 0.015 g/g (k=2). The limits of detection and quantification are 1.37×10^-5 g/g and 4.55×10^-5 g/g, respectively. Compared with the mass balance method, the relative bias of the HPLC-IDMS method is 0.9%.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 328-332 [Abstract] ( 685 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (727 KB) ( 1071 )

	333	A Method for Optimizing the Test Interval of the Online Measurement Instruments in Process Industry
		GAO Zhi-yong,YAN Xing-lang,GAO Jian-min,CHEN Fu-min
		DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2016.03.23
		Considering the drawbacks of the recommended methods in determining the calibration interval of online measurement instruments in process industry, a method for optimizing the calibration interval of this kind of instruments is proposed. Firstly, the availability indices of the instruments are obtained using Markov state-space method. And then the Taguchi quality loss function is introduced into the objective function for accurately determining the optimal calibration interval under constraints of availability and cost. Finally, the proposed method is applied in a process industry, and the results show its effectiveness.
		2016 Vol. 37 (3): 333-336 [Abstract] ( 604 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1863 KB) ( 465 )

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