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2013 Vol. 34, No. 3
Published: 2013-05-22
 
201 Development of the Fourth-generation National Primary Standard Apparatus of Spectral Radiometry and Color Temperature
DAI Cai-hong,WU Zhi-feng,OUYANG Hui-quan,HUANG Bo,YU Jia-lin
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.01
Based on the new high temperature blackbody BB3500M and optical feedback control system, the fourth-generation national primary standard apparatus of spectral radiometry and color temperature are evaluated and established. The stability, uniformity, repeatability and measurement uncertainty of the apparatus are improved greatly. The measurement uncertainty of temperature was decreased to 0.64 K (k=1) when BB3500M blackbody is operating at 2 980 K, which is traceable to the Pt-C and Re-C fixed point blackbodies of NIM. Wavelength measurement range of spectral radiance and spectral irradiance are extended to 220~2 550 nm and 230~2 550 nm respectively, which meets the full wavelength requirements of CCPR-S1 spectral radiance international comparison. The measurement uncertainty of color temperature and distribution temperature is promoted to 1.6 K at 2 353 K and 2.1 K at 2 856 K
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 201-206 [Abstract] ( 520 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (462 KB)  ( 916 )
207 Development and Analysis of Different Fourier Transform Profilometry Method
FANG Kun-li,JIANG Xiao-ying,GAN Lian-xiang
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.02
The traditional Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) and two improved Fourier transform profilometry (respectively called the π phase shift method and the gray image method) were analyzed, and the  comparative study of this three different methods of measurement range was carried out. Experimental results show that two kinds of improved Fourier transform profilometry measurement range are significantly greater than that of the traditional one. It’s proved that measurement result of the π phase shift method is better than that of the gray image method as the object height gradient increases, measurement result of the π phase shift method is better than that of  the gray image method.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 207-211 [Abstract] ( 655 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3415 KB)  ( 1766 )
212 Cumulative Error Correction for Long Range Grating Displacement Measurement
CHANG Li,XU Hui
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.03
The cumulative error correction method through auto-measuring grating pitch is proposed.   The grating pitch measurement is based on the high order cumulants to estimate time delay between two moiré signals of grating sensor, this method can realize the measurement of each grating pitch, and  reduce cumulative error by correcting each grating pitch error, which is the foundation for the realization of long range and high precision measurement. The experiment uses the grating sensor with the length of 500 mm, and 50 lines/mm, which includes the 25000 grating lines, and realizes grating pitch measurement resolution of 3nm, which reaches to the nanometer level. Anti-interference ability of the method is strong, which is suitable for field application on production.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 212-216 [Abstract] ( 478 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 356 )
217 A New Type of Wavemeter Based on Polarimetric of the Laser Interferometer
XU Su-an,ZHONG Shao-jun,SUN Jian,CHEN Le,CHASSAGNE Luc,TOPCU Suat2
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.04
A new type of  laser wavemeter based on polarimetric interferometer is proposed. This wavemeter can achieve the accuracy of 10-6 on micrometric range. This wavemeter is less sensitive to environmental temperature, wavelength shift, and index of air with reduced displacement range. The experimental results of measured value and uncertainty for two unknown laser sources (DL100-Toptica and Nd:YAG) are presented. The experimental comparisons between our own-developed wavemeter and a commercial wavemeter are also described.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 217-220 [Abstract] ( 449 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1410 KB)  ( 589 )
221 Accurately Following Measuring Technique for Warpage of Substrate Glass
SHAO Wei,GUO Jun-jie,CHANG Ting,LIU Chong
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.05
For measuring warpage of large size substrate glass,a generalized minimum variance principle base on real-time adjusting polynomial weights (RAPW_GMV) automatic scanning method is introduced.Its main idea is based on the real-time estimation of the parameters of controlled object and RAPW_GMV output to correction polynomial weights to fulfill the automatic tracking measuring of probe.The experimental results confirm the tracking error of automatic measuring of unknown surface is superior to 0.02mm, and  the automatic measuring of substrate glass warpage  with fast and high precision is realized.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 221-215 [Abstract] ( 600 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1783 KB)  ( 879 )
226 Application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model to Thermal Error Compensation of Machine Tools
MIAO En-ming,Gong Ya-yun,Niu Peng-cheng,Fei Ye-tai
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.06
Three modeling methods are introduced and analyzed, including multiple linear regression model, congruence model which combine multiple linear regression model with AR model of its residual error and autoregressive distributed lag model.Multiple linear regression analysis is a simple and quick modeling method,but thermal error is nonlinear and interactive, and it is difficult to model a precise least squares model of thermal error.The congruence model and autoregressive distributed lag model belong to time series analysis method which has the advanced that the  precise mathematical model can be established.The distinctions of the two models are that: the congruence model divided the parameter into two parts to estimate respectively,but autoregressive distributed lag model estimate parameter uniformly,so the accuracy of congruence model is lower than that of the autoregressive distributed lag model,and this conclusion is proved by the actual example that the autoregressive distributed lag model used to calculate the thermal error of precision CNC machine tools is a good way to improve modeling accuracy.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 226-230 [Abstract] ( 619 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (589 KB)  ( 1174 )
231 Servo Electro Scale for High Precision Dynamic Weighing with Intelligent PID Controller
YU Zhen-zhong,ZHENG Wei-cou,DING Liang,LIU Xin,HUI Jing
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.07
A dynamic and high precision weighing scale is designed for powder/granular agricultural products. The mechanical structure and the control system of the scale is desigened. The main components of the control system include S7-200 PLC, Siwarex_MS weighing model and servo motor. The servo motor, the PLC system (integrated weighing module) and the implementation mechanical structure constitutes a closed loop control system. Comparing to the open-loop control structure which mainly contain cylinder and single casting gate, it can significantly improve the accuracy of the scale. In order to overcome the nonlinear disturbance factors and the varing air materials(materials in the air with casting gate closed) which effecting on the weighing accuracy, the RBF neural network PID controller is used to the process of fine materials casting, and the adaptive correction method for the air materials was adopted. In the experiment, 25 kg rice is weighed, with an average accuracy of ±0.114% and the maxmum speed of 1100 times/h.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 231-236 [Abstract] ( 642 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (509 KB)  ( 923 )
237 Study on Computation Algorithm for Horizontal Tank Volume Table Based on Volumetric Method
WANG Jin-tao,LIU Zi-yong,GUO Li-gong,TONG Lin,BAO Xue-song,ZHANG Long
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.08
Based on the introduction on the principle of horizontal tank volumetric calibration method, four algorithms for volume table from discrete V-H data points were discussed, which are Lagrange interpolation method, piece-wise linear interpolation method, cubic polynomial fitting method and cubic spline interpolation method. A 30m3 horizontal tank is used as experimental object. Experimental result shows that the computation results of four algorithms have good con-sistence among the middle liquid level interval; for the total interval, the precision and stability of cubic spline interpolation method is best, and the maximal deviation was 23.0 L, compared to the middle of total interval, there existed bigger deviation at the lower and upper ends when Lagrange interpolation method, piecewise linear interpolation method and cubic polynomial fitting method were used; at the lower and upper ends of total interval, the computation error of Lagrange method is bigger than that of the cubic spline method due to the rim oscillation.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 237-241 [Abstract] ( 506 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (366 KB)  ( 652 )
242 The Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Machine Based on Blind Source Separation De-noising and Hilbert-Huang Transform
MENG Zong,GU Hai-yan
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.09
In the characteristics extraction of the rotating machine with Hilbert-Huang transform, the vibration signals from the sensors mounted on the machine are generally suffered by the disturbance from different types of noise.The neglect of the noise generally causes worse effect of analysis. In order to overcome this deficiency,by means of combining with the blind source separation,a new algorithm,which is named Hilbert-Huang transform based on the fast independent component analysis,is proposed to resolve the mode fission.The simulation and case analysis show that the proposed method is very effective to waken the phenomenon, and to extract the characteristic frequency of the signal,further to realize the fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 242-246 [Abstract] ( 481 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (3353 KB)  ( 614 )
247 Study on Influence of Liquid Surface Tension on Solid Density Measurement by Hydrostatic Weighing
GU Ying-zi,LUO Zhi-yong,CHEN Zhao-hui,XU Chang-hong
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.10
Hydrostatic weighing is widely used  in solid density measurement, and it is also a method with  high accuracy.The influence of liquid surface on solid density measurement is studied  based on  Archimedes Principle. A set of high accuracy hydrostatic weighing device are used to measure density of solid sample. Two different liquid with different surface tension are used as working medium. The results show that the density of measurement dispersion in low surface tension liquid is better than in high surface tension liquid.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 247-250 [Abstract] ( 569 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (687 KB)  ( 828 )
251 Subdivision Weights Comparison in China
WANG Jian,DING Jing-an,YAO Hong,ZHONG Rui-lin,CAI Chang-qing,ZHANG Yue,WANG Xiao-lei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.11
According to the technical requirements of recommendation OIML R111 and JJG99-2006 verification regulation of weights, weights comparisons including 100g and 200mg are organized by National Institute of Metrology (NIM), as a pilot laboratory. There are 113  laboratories to participate the weights comparison for 100 g and 200 mg. The comparison manner of petal type is used in the transfer process of weight sample. The results of comparison are evaluated in accordance with normalized error En. The results from 2009 to 2010 show weight calibration results of 6 participating laboratories are not satisfied, which is 5.4 % of total results. The possible causes of these results are analyzed.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 251-255 [Abstract] ( 602 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (457 KB)  ( 465 )
256 A New Method to Leak Detection in Water System Based on Chaos Theory
ZHANG Qin,ZHU Qing-jian,WANG Xiong-hai
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.12
Considering the importance of leak detection to energy efficiency in urban water system, a new method to leak detection based on chaos theory is presented. The chaotic evolutional characters of successive users were used to detect pipe break or the leakage.By extracting the correlation dimension、Lyapunov exponent、attractor phase diagram and R/S analysis of hourly water consumption, the water time series of successive users were proved to be fractal and chaotic chaining relevant. On the basis, the different chaotic characters of booster and leakage were compared by phase diagram and the maximum Lyapunov exponent variation. Test results show that the chaotic characters are changed immediately when the booster occurs, and slow leakage can be discovered after two hours. Thus this method supplies new judgments to effectively amend water system in time and decrease the loss of water resource.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 256-271 [Abstract] ( 478 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (460 KB)  ( 508 )
262 Design of Ultrasonic Horn for Soft Magnetic Ferrite De-burring
ZHENG Hui-feng,TANG Ting-hao,QI Wen-ting,LV Jiang-ming,HU Hong-wei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.13
In order to clear up the burrs on soft magnetic ferrite without damaging the work-pieces, an ultrasonic horn was designed.Ultrasonic de-burring process was simplified into a particle spring forced vibration system composed of two springs with different stiffness coefficient.The minimum magnification of complex Gaussian horn was calculated after the failure condition was obtained.After calculating, the shape factor of complex Gaussian horn was proved 40% higher than the Exponent horn in the condition of minimum magnification, significantly decreased the stress concentration.The design process was verified by comparing the results of theoretical calculating with the finite element analyzing.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 262-266 [Abstract] ( 437 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (6456 KB)  ( 580 )
267 The Test and Analysis of Sound Absorbing Wedge with Standing Wave Ratio Method
TONG Xian,YAO Lei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.14
To achieve a high-precision and efficient way to measure the property parameters of sound absorbing material , an automatically measure system is developed with  many devices such as PLC, stepping motor, which is based on standing wave theory. Many factors are described, for example, some wedges with a section of 0.6 m×0.6 m are tested and analyzed, including how to choose standing wave ratio. During the measurement, attenuation of sound wave and the mounting of wedge and microphone  needn’t  considered. As to the standing wave ratio, the first set value can meet requirements of engineering application measurement.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 267-271 [Abstract] ( 717 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1915 KB)  ( 834 )
272 Development of Weak Current Source for Currents Between 100pA and 1μA
LEI Sheng-jie,WEI Zhi-yong,FANG Mei-hua,CHEN Guo-yun,ZHANG Zi-xia,HUANG San-bo
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.15
In order to test and calibrate the measuring instruments for weak current detection, a weak current source for currents between 100 pA and 1μA is developed, on the basis of the principle of  constant-current source.A current source is built with operational amplifiers, resistors, constant voltage and standard resistance values to gain weak current output through V-I converter.A complete analysis for the  dynamic properties of this current source, its equivalent relative error and circuit design are given.The effects of stray impedances on the behavior of the current source are taken into account and the techniques necessary to achieve an optimum stable performance,including processing noise effect are applied.Experiments show that the weak current source is stable and reliable,the output current range of the circuit is 10pA～10μA.In 1nA, the error is less than 0.08nA.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 272-277 [Abstract] ( 589 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1229 KB)  ( 1346 )
278 Research on the Error Analysis and Correction Technique of Random Acquisition System
ZHANG Qin-chuan,WANG Hou-jun
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.16
In the random sampling system, analog interpolation technique is used frequently to improve the equivalent sampling rate.But time interval measurement (TIM) circuit is affected by temperature, device characteristics, random noise and other factors, so the time interval measurement error increases tremendously.The origin and affection of primary error is analyzed, and the method of reducing error is offered, for example, coherent averaging and low pass filter.It improves the accuracy of TIM and the signal to noise ratio of the waveform.The experimental results show that the effective number of bits(ENOB) is improved approximately 3 bit,the signal-to noise ratio improved by about 2 times.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 278-281 [Abstract] ( 555 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1162 KB)  ( 607 )
282 Detection of Multi-frequency Weak Signals Based on Re-scaling Frequency-shifted Band-pass Stochastic Resonance
SHI Pei-ming,DING Xue-juan,HAN Dong-ying
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.17
Aiming at the detection problem of the multi-frequency signal under noise background,a novel method based on re-scaling frequency-shifted band-pass stochastic resonance (RFBSR) is proposed. Different frequency bands of the signal are processed by re-scaling sub-sampling compression,so as to make each frequency band meet the conditions of stochastic resonance. Further the weak signal frequency components are enhanced through stochastic resonance system. Before the enhanced components of the signals are synthesized,they are processed through band-pass filter only leaving the enhanced sections of the signal,to achieve the detection of multi-frequency weak signals. The results of analysis of the simulation and actual signals  show that the proposed method is a simple way to detect multi-frequency weak signals,and can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio and has a good prospect of engineering application.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 282-288 [Abstract] ( 445 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (7190 KB)  ( 280 )
289 A Method for Estimating the GNSS Receiver Noise in the  Measurement of Code Pseudo-range and Carrier Phase
CAI Yan-hui,CHENG Peng-fei
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.18
GNSS is a typical two-body problem,which can be treated as a two-order differential system.After three times derivative,the system affect will be removed and the remain high order parts will be noise-like data,which can be used to estimate system noises. Based on differential time serials of observation,a new method to directly estimate the pseudo-range and carrier phase measuring noises is proposed.By composing single differential observation,double differential observation,measuring noise of the receiver and high order clock noise can be separated.Test data show the method is practicable and easy to use.Because it can work on-line,for lots of real-time GNSS integrated system,this method is extremely convenient for prior variance estimating.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 289-295 [Abstract] ( 606 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1338 KB)  ( 1443 )
296 Preliminary Study on a Cylindrical Ambient Dose-equivalent Chamber
LI De-hong, YANG Jian, WU Meng-meng,LI Xing-dong, YANG Yuan-di
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.19
According to definitions of the new operational radiation quantities for area monitoring recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) report, a cylindrical ambient dose equivalent ionization chamber is designed and preliminary studied.The results show that the effect  by the material and the size of the collector to the  energy response is not obvious,energy response characteristic of the aluminum ionization chamber is better than that of the plexiglass.Through the theoretical calculation and geometry optimization,the cylindrical ambient dose equivalent ionization chamber made from plexiglass as a shell and lined with an appropriate thickness of the aluminum layer will get a better energy response curve.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 296-299 [Abstract] ( 515 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (841 KB)  ( 613 )
300 The  Determination of the Significant Figures of the Measurement Result and its Uncertainty
SHAO Jian-xin,LIU Yun-hu,ZHANG Zi-ying
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1158.2013.03.20
The problems on determining the significant figures of the measurement result and its uncertainty has been deeply investigated through the analysis of detailed data,based on the national standard of measuring technique and practical application.The significant digits of uncertainty of measurement should be taken two digits for unification in order to ensure the rounding off value closest to orginal value and easy to operate with standardized and unified rounding off method.
2013 Vol. 34 (3): 300-304 [Abstract] ( 545 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (306 KB)  ( 766 )
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