1. China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
2. National Institute of Metrology,Beijing 100029, China
3. Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
Abstract：A new power measurement method based on the quantum coherence effect of Rydberg atoms is proposed. The low electromagnetic perturbation atomic vapor cell containing rubidium vapor is placed in the specific waveguide system. Based on Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect, the guided wave electric field measurement is transformed into the detection of atomic absorption spectroscopy. A completely new microwave power measurement traceable to Planck constant and frequency measurement is realized by using the analytic quantization relationship between the power and the guided wave electric field. Compared with traditional power measurement at the frequency of 10.22GHz, the average deviation from -40dBm to -20dBm is 0.08dB (1.86%). The new microwave power quantum measurement method has the advantages of high sensitivity, large dynamic range and small measurement uncertainty. It is expected to form a new generation of microwave power standard that can lead to a direct SI-traceable approach for power metrology.
［1］Yuan W Z, Cui X H, Li Y, et al. Uncertainty analysis and evaluation of a WR-28 (26.5 to 40GHz) millimeter-wave power standard ［C］ //2016 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2016). Ottawa, Canada, 2016.
［2］崔孝海, 李勇, 张淑溢, 等. 毫米波WR-15(50~75GHz)国家功率基准的研制［J］. 计量学报,2014,35(4): 378-381.
Cui X H, Li Y, Zhang S Y, et al. Design and Development of the WR-15 (50~75) GHz Millimeter-wave Power National Primary Standard［J］.Acta Metrologica Sinica, 2014, 35(4): 378-381.
［3］钟青,袁文泽,史艳平,等. 毫米波功率计量标准器芯片的研制［J］. 计量学报, 2019, 40(2): 329-332.
Zhong Q,Yuan W Z,Shi Y P,et al. Study on Millimeter Wave Power Standard Devices［J］. Acta Metrologica Sinica, 2019, 40(2): 329-332.
［4］Kwon J Y, Kang T W, Kang N W. V-Band Waveguide Microcalorimeter for Millimeter-Wave Power Standards ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2017, 66(6): 1598-1604.
［5］Kinoshita M, Inoue T, Shimaoka K, et al. Precise Power Measurement With a Single-Mode Waveguide Calorimeter in the 220～330GHz Frequency Range ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2018, 67(6): 1451-1460.
［6］Judaschke R H, Kuhlmann K, Reichel T, et al. A w-band thermoelectric power transfer standard ［C］ //29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014.
［7］Vogt T, Gross C, Han J, et al. Efficient microwave-to-optical conversion using Rydberg atoms ［J］. Physical Review A, 2019, 99(2): 23827-23832.
［8］Stock M. The Revision of the SI-Towards an International System of Units Based on Defining Constants ［J］. Measurement Techniques, 2018, 60(12): 1169-1177.
［9］黄巍, 梁振涛, 杜炎雄, 等. 基于里德堡原子的电场测量 ［J］. 物理学报, 2015, 64(16): 160702-160710.
Huang W, Liang Z T, Du X Y, et al. Rydberg atoms based electrometry ［J］. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(16): 160702-160710.
［10］Crowley T P, Donley E A, Heavner T P. Quantum-based microwave power measurements: Proof-of-concept experiment ［J］. Review of scientific instruments, 2004, 75(8): 2575-2580.
［11］Paulusse D C, Rowell N L, Michaud A. Accuracy of an atomic microwave power standard ［J］. IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, 2005, 54(2): 692-695.
［12］Kinoshita M, Shimaoka K, Komiyama K. Determination of the microwave field strength using the Rabi oscillation for a new microwave power standard ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2009, 58(4): 1114-1119.
［13］Kinoshita M, Shimaoka K, Shimada Y. Optimization of the atomic candle signal for the precise measurement of microwave power ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2013, 62(6): 1807-1813.
［14］Sun F Y, Jiang Z Y, Qu J F, et al. Tunable microwave magnetic field detection based on Rabi resonance with a single cesium-rubidium hybrid vapor cell ［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 2018, 113(16): 164101-164106.
［15］Holloway C L, Simons M T, Kautz M D, et al. A quantum-based power standard: Using Rydberg atoms for a SI-traceable radio-frequency power measurement technique in rectangular waveguides ［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 2018, 113(9): 94101-94106.
［16］Fan H Q, Santosh K, Sheng J T, et al. Effect of vapor-cell geometry on Rydberg-atom-based measurements of radio-frequency electric fields ［J］. Physical Review Applied, 2015, 4(4): 44015-44021.
［17］Song Z F, Zhang W F, Wu Q, et al. Field Distortion and Optimization of a Vapor Cell in Rydberg Atom-Based Radio-Frequency Electric Field Measurement ［J］. Sensors, 2018, 18(10): 3205-3218.
［18］Renn M J, Thomson D S, Gallagher T F. Frequency evolution of radiatively assisted collisions of K Rydberg atoms ［J］. Physical Review A, 1994, 49(1): 409-420.
［19］Johnk C T A. Engineering electromagnetic fields and waves ［M］. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1975.
2019, Vol. 40 
