用KI/KIO3测量紫外线输出量时,由于液体表面反射,会有部分入射光的光子未进入液体,导致测量误差。根据菲涅耳方程,反射量与入射角密切相关,紫外线发光二极管发出的每束光的辐射角和进入溶液的入射角都是不同的。为了定量多种辐射角、入射角引起的复杂反射的总体反射量,拍摄了各种情况下的化学曝光剂漩涡表面的轮廓,进行了数学分析,建立了准确计算反射损失的数学方法。通过计算得到的反射系数可以补偿反射损失以得到准确的测量结果,也可根据计算数据,控制操作条件以减小反射量。根据拍摄到的液体旋转形成的旋涡,反射系数可被稳定地控制在约0.025。反射系数的稳定意味着消除了反射可能引起的测量误差。
Abstract
When measuring the UV output with KI/KIO3, due to the reflection of the liquid surface, part of the photons of the incident light do not enter the liquid, resulting in measurement errors. According to the Fresnel equation, the amount of reflection is closely related to the angle of incidence, and the radiation angle of each beam of light emitted by the UV LED and the angle of incidence into the solution are different.To quantify total reflection amount caused by such complicated emission angles and incident angles, the vortex of the solution of chemical actinometer was photographed, and the mathematical analysis was carried out to establish the method for accurately calculating the reflection loss. The calculated reflection coefficient can compensate the reflection loss to get accurate measurement results. The calculation also can reversely guide the measurement process to control the operating condition to keep smaller reflection. Based on photographed vortexes formed by rotating the liquid, the reflection coefficient can be controlled stably at about 0.025. The stableness of the reflection coefficient indicates that the error due to reflections can be avoided.
关键词
计量学;反射损耗 /
化学曝光剂;紫外线发光二极管;菲涅耳方程;旋涡
Key words
metrology /
reflection loss /
chemical actinometer /
UV-LED;Fresnel equation /
vortex
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
［1］Masschelein W J, Rice R G. Ultraviolet Light in Water and Wastewater Sanitation［M］. Boca Raton: Crc Press, 2002: 60.
［2］Bolton J R, Stefan M I, Shaw P S, et al. Determination of the quantum yields of the potassium ferrioxalate and potassium iodide-iodate actinometers and a method for the calibration of radiometer detectors ［J］. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry, 2011, 222: 166-169.
［3］Kuhn H K, Braslavsky S E, Schmidt A R. Chemical actinometry［J］. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2004, 76(12): 2105-2146.
［4］Reinfelds M, Hermanns V, Halbritter T, et al. A robustly absorbing fulgide derivative as a universal chemical actinometer for the UV to NIR region［J］. Chemphotochem, 2019, 3(6): 441-449.
［5］Asenath-Smith E, Ambrogi E K, Moores L C, et al. Leveraging chemical actinometry and optical radiometry to reduce uncertainty in photochemical research［J］. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A- Chemistry, 2019, 372: 279-287.
［6］Rabani J, Mamane H, Pousty D, et al. Practical Chemical Actinometry—A Review ［J］. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2021, 97: 873-902.
［7］Qiang Z M, Li W T, Li M K, et al. Inspection of Feasible Calibration Conditions for UV Radiometer Detectors with the KI/KIO3 Actinometer［J］. Photochemistry & Photobiology, 2015, 91(1): 68-73.
［8］Zhang L F, Song Y Y, Zhang J S, et al. Mathematical modeling and application of aperture type of collimated beam apparatus for fluence measurement and radiometer calibration ［J］. Journal of environmental engineering, 2020, 146(12): 04020129.
［9］Bolton J R, Linden K G. Standardization of methods for fluence (UV dose) determination in bench-scale UV experiments［J］. Journal of environmental engineering, 2003, 129(3): 209-215.
［10］Rahn R O, Stefan M I, Bolton J R, et al. Quantum yield of the iodide-iodate chemical actinometer: dependence on wavelength and concentration［J］. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2003, 78(2): 146-152.
［11］Rahn R O. Fluence measurements employing iodide/iodate chemical actinometry as applied to upper-room germicidal radiation［J］. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2013, 89(4): 816-818.
［12］Rahn R O, Bolton J, Stefan M. The iodide/iodate actinometer in UV disinfection: determination of the fluence rate distribution in UV reactors［J］. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2006, 82(2): 611-615.
［13］Rahn R O, Echols S. Iodide/Iodate chemical actinometry using spherical vessels for radiation exposure as well as for monitoring absorbance changes［J］. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2010, 86(4): 990-993.
［14］陈钰, 张连峰, 刘淑杰, 等. 低压单波长紫外灯在水下时紫外线输出量的测量［J］. 中国给水排水, 2018, 34(21): 47-52.
Chen Y, Zhang L F, Liu S J, et al. Measurement of UV output of monochromatic (254 nm) low pressure UV lamp in water［J］. China Water & Wastewater, 2018, 34(21), 47-52.
［15］张连峰,周钰,常保延,等. 用KI/KIO3化学曝光剂直接测量UV-LED紫外线输出量的方法［J］. 计量学报,2023,44(6): 865-870.
Zhang L F,Zhou Y,Chang B Y, et al. A technique for direct measurement of UV output of UV-LED with KI / KIO3chemical actinometer［J］. Acta Metrological Sinica, 2023, 44(6): 865-870.
［16］Sasges M R, van der Pol A, Voronov A, et al. Standard method for quantifying the output of UV lamps［C］//IUVA. International congress on ozone and ultraviolet technologies. Los Angeles, 2007.
［17］Zhang L, Anderson W A. A finite model for the prediction of the UV radiation field around a linear lamp［J］. Chemical Engineering Science, 2010, 65(5): 1513-1521.
［18］Kheyrandish A, Mohseni M, Taghipour F. Protocol for determining ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) fluence for microbial inactivation studies［J］. Environmental science & Technology, 2018, 52(a): 7390-7398.
［19］Kheyrandish A, Taghipour F, Mohseni M. UV-LED radiation modeling and its application in UV dose determination for water treatment［J］. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2018, 352(b): 113-121.
基金
深圳市科技计划项目(JCYJ20180306170551939,JCYJ20200109150612249);无锡华兆泓光电科技有限公司研发基金(HZHYF2020-3);深圳市晶宏照明有限公司研发基金(JH2021Y1)
PDF(102205 KB)
